Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power Unit Applications: Overview and Table of Contents
Published on November 28th, 2011
Fuel cells are increasingly being utilized as auxiliary power units (APUs) in specialized transportation applications that require hoteling loads for vehicles. The hoteling load is any electrical power that is required by the vehicle for purposes other than the primary propulsion system, including such draws as heating and lighting. The four main market sectors for fuel cell APUs are marine, trucking, aviation, and recreational vehicles (RVs). All of these have the potential to use fuel cell technology initially in an APU function for vehicle hoteling loads but further down the developmental track, fuel cell technology could also be used to assist the primary propulsion unit.
Of the four key market sectors, the marine and aviation markets represent the areas where fuel cells, with their lower emissions and noise signatures, could have the largest impact. But both of these markets will require more substantial investment in R&D and technology development between now and 2020, before they are ready for widescale commercialization. During this period, the marine sector will begin to see an increased level of commercial activity. Pike Research anticipates that the RV sector, already the largest market for fuel cell APUs, will continue its steady growth during the coming decade, and trucking APUs will also continue to be a substantial part of the total market.
This Pike Research report analyzes the market potential for fuel cells to be utilized as APUs in marine, trucking, aviation, and RV markets. The study includes a comprehensive assessment of market drivers and barriers, technology issues, and key industry players in each of the four sectors.
Forecasts are provided for each sector through 2020, including unit shipments, revenue, and total capacity in megawatts.
Key Questions Addressed:
• What are the current drivers for the development of fuel cell APU systems in RVs, marine, aviation, and trucking sectors?
• Why will development of these markets exhibit a much slower adoption rate than other fuel cell applications?
• Which regions will be the major centers of manufacturing and adoption between now and 2020?
• What are the revenue forecasts for the four key market sectors between 2011 and 2020?
Who needs this report?
• Fuel cell system developers
• Fuel cell stack developers
• Transportation companies
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Market Developments to Date
2. Market Developments: 2008-2010
2.1 APU System Shipments by Sector and Region
2.2 APU Shipments by Megawatts Shipped
2.3 APU Revenue
3. Marine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Market Issues
3.2.1 Market Segmentation and Size
3.2.1.1 Ocean-Going Vessels
3.2.1.2 Ports
3.3 Market Drivers
3.3.1 Policy
3.3.1.1 Market-Based Mechanisms
3.3.1.2 Command and Control Policy
3.3.2 Fuel Price/Operator Drivers
3.4 Technology Issues
3.4.1 Time to Start
3.4.2 Ruggedization
3.4.3 Fuel Flexibility and Safety
3.4.4 Economics
4. Trucking
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Market Issues
4.2.1 Market Segmentation and Size
4.3 Market Drivers
4.3.1 Policy
4.3.1.1 United States
4.3.1.1.1. Emissions Policy
4.3.1.1.2. Anti-Idling
4.3.1.2 European Union
4.3.1.3 China
4.3.2 Running Costs
4.4 Technology Issues
4.4.1 Competing Technologies
4.4.1.1 Generators
4.4.1.2 Battery APUs
4.4.2 Competing Models
4.4.3 OEM Tie Ups
5. Aviation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Market Issues
5.2.1 Market Segmentation and Size
5.3 Market Drivers
5.3.1 Policy
5.3.2 Running Costs
5.4 Technology Issues
5.4.1 Power/Stack Density
5.4.2 System Design/Size
5.4.3 Fuel/Reformer Technology
5.4.4 Startup Time
5.4.5 Robustness and Ability to Cope with Variable Loads
6. Recreational Vehicles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Market Issues
6.2.1 Market Segmentation and Size
6.3 Market Drivers
6.3.1 Policy
6.3.1.1 United States
6.3.1.2 Australia
6.3.2 Consumer Demand
6.4 Technology Issues
6.4.1 Competing Technologies
6.4.2 Costs
7. Other Vehicles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Trains
7.3 Mine Vehicles
8. Key Industry Players
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Marine
8.2.1 Auriga Energy Ltd. (United Kingdom)
8.2.2 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norway)
8.2.3 Eidesvik Offshore ASA (Norway)
8.2.4 Fronius (Germany)
8.2.5 HySolutions (Germany)
8.2.6 Topsoe Fuel Cell (Denmark)
8.2.7 University of Victoria (Canada)
8.2.8 Wärtsilä (Finland)
8.3 Trucking
8.3.1 Cummins Power Generation (United States)
8.3.2 Delphi (United States)
8.3.3 PowerCell Sweden (Sweden)
8.4 Aviation
8.4.1 Airbus (France)
8.4.2 Boeing (United States)
8.4.3 DLR (Germany)
8.4.4 Intelligent Energy (United Kingdom)
8.5 RVs
8.5.1 SFC Energy (Germany)
8.6 Other
8.6.1 Vehicle Projects LLC (United States)
9. Market Forecasts
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Model Overview and Key Flex Points in Model
9.3 APU Fuel Cell Systems Shipped: 2009-2020
10. Summary and Discussion
11. Company Directory
12. Acronym and Abbreviation List
13. Table of Contents
14. Table of Charts and Figures
15. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes
List of Charts and Figures
• Relationship Between a Ship’s Speed and Fuel Consumption
• Weekly Retail On-Highway Diesel Prices, United States: 2009-2011
• View of Onboard APU for Commercial Aviation
• Alternate View of Onboard APU
• Fuel Cell APU Development, Systems Shipped by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Development, Systems Shipped by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Megawatts Shipped by Region, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Breakdown of Fuel Cell System Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2010
• Breakdown of Shipping Fleet by Vessel Type, World Markets: 2009 and 2010
• Share of Shipping Fleet by Vessel Type, World Markets: 2010
• Average Bunker Fuel Price Volatility, World Markets: 2007-2011
• Truck Sales by Vehicle Class, United States: 1999-2008
• Breakdown of Class 8 Sleeper Park, United States: 2008
• New Commissioned Aircraft by Aircraft Size, World Markets: 2011-2030
• New Passenger Aircraft Deliveries by Region, World Markets: 2011-2030
• Aviation Revenue and Expenses, World Markets: 2002-2012
• Recreational Vehicle Market in Selected Countries: 2009-2010
• New Fuel Cell APU System Unit Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• New Fuel Cell APU System Megawatt Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• Fuel Cell APU Revenue by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• Fuel Cell APU Share by Region of Manufacture, Europe and North America: 2020
• Fuel Cell APU Share by Region of Adoption, Europe and North America: 2020
List of Tables
• Summary and Overview of Key Findings
• Flash Points of Common Liquid Fuels
• Breakdown of Shipping Fleet, World Markets: 2009 and 2010
• World Container Ship Fleet by Top 20 Operators
• U.S. States with State-Level Anti-Idling Legislation (including Sleeper Cabs), as of January 2011
• Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions Standards, Europe
• Heavy-Duty Petrol and Natural Gas Engine Emissions Standards, Europe
• Heavy-Duty Emissions Standards, China
• New Commissioned Aircraft by Aircraft Size, World Markets: 2009
• New Passenger Aircraft Deliveries by Region, World Markets: 2011-2030
• Aircraft Revenue and Costs, World Markets: 2002-2012
• Summary and Overview of Key Findings